A Discipline of Seeing. National security, technology, and the strategy questions executives have to answer.https://bombadil.pro/https://karpf.substack.com/p/someone-set-a-speed-limit-for-starshieldhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/someone-set-a-speed-limit-for-starshieldSource: T-Minus Space-Cyber BriefingWed, 28 Oct 2026 12:01:53 GMT<p>Source: T-Minus Space-Cyber Briefing</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/someone-set-a-speed-limit-for-starshield">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Elon Musk set a speed limit for Starshield, and killed Ukrainians defending their homeland.National SecurityPolicy & RegulationPodcasthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-livestreamhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-livestreamRE: FW: RE: RE: FW: FW: RE: SECWAR interestThu, 15 Oct 2026 14:28:16 GMT<p>RE: FW: RE: RE: FW: FW: RE: SECWAR interest</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-livestream">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The LivestreamNational SecurityPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-lethality-certificatehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-lethality-certificateThe Naval Academy's Acting Provost explains the new curriculum, shipmates.Mon, 05 Oct 2026 12:04:21 GMT<p>The Naval Academy&apos;s Acting Provost explains the new curriculum, shipmates.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-lethality-certificate">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Lethality CertificateNational SecurityArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/you-break-it-you-buy-ithttps://karpf.substack.com/p/you-break-it-you-buy-itThey build the risk, they sell the cure, and nobody makes them pay for the damages.Wed, 16 Sep 2026 12:10:02 GMT<p>They build the risk, they sell the cure, and nobody makes them pay for the damages.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/you-break-it-you-buy-it">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for You Break It, You Buy ItCybersecurity StrategyAI & Emerging TechPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/you-cant-evict-your-way-out-of-thehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/you-cant-evict-your-way-out-of-theSource: The CyberWire Special EditionWed, 09 Sep 2026 12:03:47 GMT<p>Source: The CyberWire Special Edition</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/you-cant-evict-your-way-out-of-the">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for You can't evict your way out of the internet.National SecurityPolicy & RegulationPodcasthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/google-earths-fake-image-button-lastedhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/google-earths-fake-image-button-lastedSource: T-Minus Space-Cyber BriefingSun, 06 Sep 2026 14:45:42 GMT<p>Source: T-Minus Space-Cyber Briefing</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/google-earths-fake-image-button-lasted">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Google Earth's fake-image button lasted a day. The trust problem lasts a lot longer.AI & Emerging TechDual-Use InnovationPodcasthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/change-the-ahttps://karpf.substack.com/p/change-the-aTwenty-six ISACs share what they see. None is chartered to act on it.Wed, 02 Sep 2026 12:03:37 GMT<p>Twenty-six ISACs share what they see. None is chartered to act on it.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/change-the-a">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Change the ANational SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/if-dogs-invented-humanshttps://karpf.substack.com/p/if-dogs-invented-humansOrthogonal, Part 3 of 3. We built a mind that changes questions. My dog explains what that means for the rest of us.Wed, 19 Aug 2026 12:31:51 GMT<p>Orthogonal, Part 3 of 3. We built a mind that changes questions. My dog explains what that means for the rest of us.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/if-dogs-invented-humans">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for If Dogs Invented HumansCybersecurity StrategyAI & Emerging TechPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-second-symmetryhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-second-symmetryOrthogonal, Part 2 of 3. An AI proves it can think orthogonally by breaking an encryption scheme.Wed, 12 Aug 2026 14:29:53 GMT<p>Orthogonal, Part 2 of 3. An AI proves it can think orthogonally by breaking an encryption scheme.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-second-symmetry">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Second SymmetryCybersecurity StrategyAI & Emerging TechPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/see-what-you-can-do-with-thishttps://karpf.substack.com/p/see-what-you-can-do-with-thisOrthogonal, Part 1 of 3. A chemist rebuilt a cipher machine he’d never seen, because an operator was too tired to reset his.Thu, 06 Aug 2026 12:03:01 GMT<p>Orthogonal, Part 1 of 3. A chemist rebuilt a cipher machine he’d never seen, because an operator was too tired to reset his.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/see-what-you-can-do-with-this">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for See What You Can Do With ThisAI & Emerging TechPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/section-1604https://karpf.substack.com/p/section-1604Digital privateers have been operating since at least 2011. We need a coordination framework.Wed, 22 Jul 2026 12:02:06 GMT<p>Digital privateers have been operating since at least 2011. We need a coordination framework.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/section-1604">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Section 1604National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/state-of-the-routerhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/state-of-the-routerSource: The CyberWire Daily PodcastSat, 18 Jul 2026 14:14:32 GMT<p>Source: The CyberWire Daily Podcast</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/state-of-the-router">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for State of the router.National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationPodcasthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/three-hands-one-roomhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/three-hands-one-roomA private company, a police force, and a military reach into the same machines to run the same Disrupt Doctrine. None has to tell the others.Wed, 15 Jul 2026 11:58:46 GMT<p>A private company, a police force, and a military reach into the same machines to run the same Disrupt Doctrine. None has to tell the others.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/three-hands-one-room">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Three Hands, One RoomNational SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/permission-to-break-inhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/permission-to-break-inAllies are legalizing their reach into foreign machines faster than they can coordinate it.Wed, 08 Jul 2026 12:03:29 GMT<p>Allies are legalizing their reach into foreign machines faster than they can coordinate it.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/permission-to-break-in">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Permission to Break InNational SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/navigating-the-gps-threat-landscapehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/navigating-the-gps-threat-landscapeSource: T-Minus Space-Cyber BriefingFri, 26 Jun 2026 13:55:52 GMT<p>Source: T-Minus Space-Cyber Briefing</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/navigating-the-gps-threat-landscape">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Navigating the GPS threat landscapeNational SecurityCybersecurity StrategyDual-Use InnovationPodcasthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-national-reflexhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-national-reflexThe internet has no borders. Our defense of it has nothing but.Wed, 24 Jun 2026 12:03:06 GMT<p>The internet has no borders. Our defense of it has nothing but.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-national-reflex">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The National ReflexNational SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://bombadil.pro/writing/t-minus-space-cyber-briefing-712/https://bombadil.pro/writing/t-minus-space-cyber-briefing-712/Brandon joins T-Minus to break down new evidence that GPS jamming has moved from cheap ground devices into space, and to argue that position, navigation, and timing is critical infrastructure with no resilient fallback.Sun, 21 Jun 2026 00:00:00 GMT<p><strong>Source:</strong> <a href="https://thecyberwire.com/podcasts/tminus-space-cyber-briefing/712/notes">Listen to the episode</a></p><p>On T-Minus Space-Cyber Briefing, I joined Maria Varmazis and Dave Bittner to work through a Veritasium investigation into years of strange GPS interference over Europe, Greenland, and Canada. The geometry ruled out a ground source: 75 brief events between 2019 and 2026, spread across a continent-sized footprint, point to something in space, most plausibly a Russian early-warning satellite in a Molniya orbit. Whether that signal is an offensive capability or a wartime-reserve communications band parked next to GPS and leaking each time it is tested, the takeaway holds. For the first time we have clear evidence that the cheap, ground-based GPS jamming we have discussed for years has been extended into the space architecture itself.</p> <p>The part that should worry decision-makers is the resilience gap. GPS is the most important utility nobody treats as critical infrastructure: it sets the timing that cryptography, the power grid, and internet connectivity depend on, yet a phone receives a signal roughly as strong as a car headlight seen from 12,000 miles away. When communications fail or undersea cables are cut, we have fallback options. When water treatment fails, we have fallback options. For position, navigation, and timing, we have almost none. The better news is that the fixes are real and arriving: cryptographic signatures that defeat spoofing, terrestrial timing approaches in the spirit of LORAN, and quantum navigation and quantum clocks that aim to remove the GPS dependency rather than patch it.</p> <p><strong>Key topics</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Jamming In Orbit:</strong> The cheap “$30 jammer” asymmetry has long lived on the ground; the new and notable fact is clear evidence of an interference capability operating from space.</li> <li><strong>The PNT Resilience Gap:</strong> Position, navigation, and timing is the one critical-infrastructure domain with no real fallback, and we lack even a complete inventory of what depends on it.</li> <li><strong>Quantum As Exit:</strong> The strategic value of quantum navigation and quantum clocks is not securing GPS but removing the dependency on it, so timing survives even when the signal is jammed or spoofed.</li> </ul>Cover art for T-Minus: Space-Cyber Briefing episode 712.National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationPodcastListen to the episodehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-1000-quote-and-the-50-fixhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-1000-quote-and-the-50-fixA furnace, a fog lamp, and the tax you never knew you were paying.Wed, 17 Jun 2026 12:01:24 GMT<p>A furnace, a fog lamp, and the tax you never knew you were paying.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-1000-quote-and-the-50-fix">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The $1,000 Quote and the $50 FixAI & Emerging TechVenture & CapitalArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-backup-was-always-a-clockhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-backup-was-always-a-clockGPS has no fallback, the program to upgrade it just collapsed, and the most credible replacement is a clock the Royal Navy bolted into a robot submarine.Wed, 10 Jun 2026 12:03:48 GMT<p>GPS has no fallback, the program to upgrade it just collapsed, and the most credible replacement is a clock the Royal Navy bolted into a robot submarine.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-backup-was-always-a-clock">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Backup Was Always a ClockNational SecurityAI & Emerging TechPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/which-one-is-righthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/which-one-is-rightPart 3 of 3. Nine states on the board, seven trades, and the two clean-looking calls fall apart. Tokyo is choosing this quarter.Wed, 03 Jun 2026 12:03:58 GMT<p>Part 3 of 3. Nine states on the board, seven trades, and the two clean-looking calls fall apart. Tokyo is choosing this quarter.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/which-one-is-right">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Which One Is Right?National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/everybodys-racing-to-orbit-nobodyshttps://karpf.substack.com/p/everybodys-racing-to-orbit-nobodysA single GPU needs a fire hydrant of bandwidth to reach its neighbor. The best satellite link flying today is a garden hose.Tue, 02 Jun 2026 21:38:43 GMT<p>A single GPU needs a fire hydrant of bandwidth to reach its neighbor. The best satellite link flying today is a garden hose.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/everybodys-racing-to-orbit-nobodys">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Everybody's Racing to Orbit. Nobody's Funding the Radio.AI & Emerging TechDual-Use InnovationVenture & CapitalArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/moscow-built-it-firsthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/moscow-built-it-firstPart 2 of 3. Russia confirmed it the other week. China has confirmed it for a year. North Korea refuses to. Wed, 27 May 2026 12:03:24 GMT<p>Part 2 of 3. Russia confirmed it the other week. China has confirmed it for a year. North Korea refuses to. </p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/moscow-built-it-first">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Moscow Built It FirstNational SecurityPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/eleven-years-to-the-minutehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/eleven-years-to-the-minuteI went to watch the Class of 2026 commission. I ended up back in my own choker whites.Sun, 24 May 2026 03:56:42 GMT<p>I went to watch the Class of 2026 commission. I ended up back in my own choker whites.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/eleven-years-to-the-minute">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Eleven Years to the Minute.Executive LeadershipArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/two-sentences-on-telegramhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/two-sentences-on-telegramPart 1 of 3. Iran ordered its cyber proxy to stand down, in public, on a feed anyone could read.Wed, 20 May 2026 19:06:06 GMT<p>Part 1 of 3. Iran ordered its cyber proxy to stand down, in public, on a feed anyone could read.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/two-sentences-on-telegram">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Two Sentences on TelegramNational SecurityPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/japan-stops-sitting-out-the-cyberhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/japan-stops-sitting-out-the-cyberSource: The CyberWire Daily PodcastThu, 14 May 2026 12:03:22 GMT<p>Source: The CyberWire Daily Podcast</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/japan-stops-sitting-out-the-cyber">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Japan stops sitting out the cyber fight.National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationPodcasthttps://bombadil.pro/writing/cyberwire-daily-podcast-2551/https://bombadil.pro/writing/cyberwire-daily-podcast-2551/Brandon joins CyberWire Daily to examine Japan's pivot from cyber isolationism to active defense, and to reframe space security as a question of critical infrastructure interdependence.Wed, 13 May 2026 00:00:00 GMT<p><strong>Source:</strong> <a href="https://thecyberwire.com/podcasts/daily-podcast/2551/notes">Listen to the episode</a></p><p>On The CyberWire Daily Podcast, I joined Dave Bittner to unpack what Prime Minister Takaichi’s growth strategy actually signals: Japan has named space and cyber as priority sectors, is operationalizing an Active Cyber Defense Law that authorizes offensive cyber, and is putting roughly $60 billion behind a space security strategy fund aimed at modernizing architectures and building domestic talent. JAXA has been breached twice in recent years, the Viasat attack on day one of the Ukraine war made the threat to space-enabled infrastructure undeniable, and Japan has decided that sitting on the sidelines is no longer an option.</p> <p>The more important point is structural. National critical infrastructure is not a stack of independent silos. Water depends on energy, energy depends on telecommunications, telecommunications depend on space, and a vulnerability in satellite communications or a ground station can propagate into ports, transportation, and the grid. That is the lens I want decision-makers to use. The Active Cyber Defense Law’s second pillar makes public-private collaboration a formal instrument of policy, and Japan’s first-ever ground participation in a multilateral military exercise in the Philippines, shows the outward posture is real.</p> <p><strong>Key topics</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Interdependence Over Asymmetry:</strong> The right frame for space security is not offense-defense balance but the dependency graph linking space, energy, water, ports, and telecommunications into one system.</li> <li><strong>Japan’s Posture Reversal:</strong> Within 18 months Japan has authorized active cyber defense, committed major capital to space security, and moved from cyber-isolationist to coalition partner.</li> <li><strong>Public-Private as Policy Instrument:</strong> Codifying public-private collaboration as a statutory pillar, rather than treating it as a side channel, is what allows industry to do meaningful work alongside government on national security problems.</li> </ul>Cover art for The CyberWire Daily Podcast episode 2551.National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationPodcastListen to the episodehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-first-island-kill-chainhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-first-island-kill-chainA hundred miles from Taiwan, three flags rehearse an integrated missile salvo, anchored by Japan.Thu, 30 Apr 2026 10:55:01 GMT<p>A hundred miles from Taiwan, three flags rehearse an integrated missile salvo, anchored by Japan.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-first-island-kill-chain">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The First Island Kill ChainNational SecurityU.S.-Japan PartnershipsPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-mythos-deferralhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-mythos-deferralWe (re)invented a governance vehicle last week. Its name is the Concert.Wed, 22 Apr 2026 12:04:02 GMT<p>We (re)invented a governance vehicle last week. Its name is the Concert.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-mythos-deferral">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Mythos DeferralAI & Emerging TechPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/whos-minding-the-storehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/whos-minding-the-storeThe case for rebuilding CISA as America's cyber defense protocol.Wed, 15 Apr 2026 12:02:00 GMT<p>The case for rebuilding CISA as America&apos;s cyber defense protocol.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/whos-minding-the-store">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Who's Minding the Store?National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-monks-and-the-machinehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-monks-and-the-machineAI can replicate what took the NSA decades to build. The correct response is gratitude.Wed, 08 Apr 2026 12:01:29 GMT<p>AI can replicate what took the NSA decades to build. The correct response is gratitude.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-monks-and-the-machine">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Monks and the MachineCybersecurity StrategyAI & Emerging TechPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/war-comes-for-the-cloudhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/war-comes-for-the-cloudSource: The CyberWire Daily Podcast.Mon, 06 Apr 2026 19:28:13 GMT<p>Source: The CyberWire Daily Podcast.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/war-comes-for-the-cloud">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for War comes for the cloud.National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPodcasthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-empty-seatback-pockethttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-empty-seatback-pocketA belated eulogy for the seatback pocket, the Brookstone massage chair, and the 147-pound garden yeti.Sat, 04 Apr 2026 12:01:26 GMT<p>A belated eulogy for the seatback pocket, the Brookstone massage chair, and the 147-pound garden yeti.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-empty-seatback-pocket">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Empty Seatback PocketAI & Emerging TechArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-quiet-rearmamenthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-quiet-rearmamentHow Japan re-armed itself with generational patience and $275 billion.Wed, 01 Apr 2026 14:17:54 GMT<p>How Japan re-armed itself with generational patience and $275 billion.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-quiet-rearmament">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Quiet RearmamentNational SecurityU.S.-Japan PartnershipsPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/your-board-deserves-a-numberhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/your-board-deserves-a-numberLike a toddler with his favorite crayon, we’ve been answering the most important question in cybersecurity with a color.Wed, 18 Mar 2026 12:05:43 GMT<p>Like a toddler with his favorite crayon, we’ve been answering the most important question in cybersecurity with a color.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/your-board-deserves-a-number">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Your Board Deserves a NumberCybersecurity StrategyExecutive LeadershipArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-gardens-of-kyotohttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-gardens-of-kyotoThe relationship between human intention and the natural world.Sat, 14 Mar 2026 19:50:28 GMT<p>The relationship between human intention and the natural world.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-gardens-of-kyoto">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Gardens of KyotoU.S.-Japan PartnershipsArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/spaceballs-the-datacenter-2-the-searchhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/spaceballs-the-datacenter-2-the-searchI modeled five business cases for datacenters in orbit. Four died. Only one is feasible.Wed, 11 Mar 2026 12:13:18 GMT<p>I modeled five business cases for datacenters in orbit. Four died. Only one is feasible.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/spaceballs-the-datacenter-2-the-search">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for Spaceballs the Datacenter 2: The Search for More BandwidthCybersecurity StrategyVenture & CapitalArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-impossible-seathttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-impossible-seatHow the military operation against Iran is stress-testing Japan's security architecture, with implications for China deterrence and the March 19 Trump-Takaichi summit.Wed, 04 Mar 2026 13:03:59 GMT<p>How the military operation against Iran is stress-testing Japan&apos;s security architecture, with implications for China deterrence and the March 19 Trump-Takaichi summit.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-impossible-seat">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The Impossible SeatNational SecurityU.S.-Japan PartnershipsPolicy & RegulationArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-basics-broke-telecomhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/the-basics-broke-telecomSource: The CyberWire Daily Podcast.Thu, 26 Feb 2026 13:03:20 GMT<p>Source: The CyberWire Daily Podcast.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/the-basics-broke-telecom">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for The basics broke telecom.National SecurityCybersecurity StrategyPolicy & RegulationPodcasthttps://karpf.substack.com/p/3d-printing-cyber-the-ai-phase-ofhttps://karpf.substack.com/p/3d-printing-cyber-the-ai-phase-ofAmazon Threat Intelligence exposed an AI-augmented campaign that compressed the entire cyber offense supply chain into one workstation. The factory built a 3D printer.Tue, 24 Feb 2026 13:03:01 GMT<p>Amazon Threat Intelligence exposed an AI-augmented campaign that compressed the entire cyber offense supply chain into one workstation. The factory built a 3D printer.</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/3d-printing-cyber-the-ai-phase-of">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for 3D Printing Cyber: The AI Phase of Offense IndustrializationNational SecurityCybersecurity StrategyAI & Emerging TechArticlehttps://karpf.substack.com/p/iocs-are-dead-long-live-iocshttps://karpf.substack.com/p/iocs-are-dead-long-live-iocsNinety percent of C2 servers die in five days. The average threat intel indicator arrives 33 days late. The IOC economy is collapsing. What replaces it?Wed, 18 Feb 2026 13:03:26 GMT<p>Ninety percent of C2 servers die in five days. The average threat intel indicator arrives 33 days late. The IOC economy is collapsing. What replaces it?</p><p><a href="https://karpf.substack.com/p/iocs-are-dead-long-live-iocs">Read on Substack</a></p>Cover image for IOCs Are Dead. 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